● a group of children一群孩子● two baskets of apples两篮子苹果● two glasses of milk 两杯牛奶● three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡● the children’s toys 儿童玩具● My parents’ hometown is very beautiful.A(+B...)+and + C+’s 表示两者或多者共同拥有● Professor Wang is Li Ming and Li Ling’s mother.A+’s(+B+’s...)+ and + C+’s 表示两者或多者分别拥有● Tim’s and Peter’ fathers both teach in the same school.名词+of+名词 一般用于无生命事物的名词，有时也可表示人或其他有生命事物的名词间的所有关系。● The windows of that house are broken.● I have only read four books of Dickens’.
many等+复数可数名词 只修饰复数可数名词的词或短语有a great many， quite a few等。● He made a great many mistakes.他犯了许多错误。much等+不可数名词 只修饰不可数名词的词或短语有a good/great deal of，a good/great/large amount of等。● We got little help from them.我们没有从他们那儿得到什么帮助。a lot of等+复数可数名词/不可数名词既可以修饰复数可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语有plenty of， lots of， quantities of，a quantity of等。● Some police officers in the UK carry guns, but most of them don’t.● A square has four sides.正方形有四条边。● The tiger is without doubt the most magnificent of the big cats.● Plastic is hard to break up.塑料很难分解。a/an+单数可数名词表示泛指、初次提到、“一；每”等意义。● He was born in a small mountainous village in Guizhou Province.a/an+专有名词表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一个不认识的人或不确定的时间。● The story took place in an October in the 1980s.a/an+抽象名词 当抽象名词表示具体的人或事物，或表示引起人们某种情绪、情感的人或事时，视为可数名词，可用不定冠词修饰。● Working with Jane is a great joy.a/an+物质名词如fog， rain， snow， wind等前面用不定冠词，表示“一……”之意。● I’d like a coffee and a chicken sandwich, sir.
the+名词 特指上文提到过的、特定的或谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。● I visited a church in Jinan. The church was built in the early 1900s.the + sun/earth等 表示自然界独一无二的事物的名词前要用定冠词。● As time goes on, we will know more about the Mars.the+专有名词 由普通名词构成的专有名词或表示组织等的专有名词前一般都要加定冠词。● We are said to be living in the Information Age, a time of new discoveries and great changes.据说我们生活在信息时代，一个充满了新发现和巨大变化的时代。the+形容词或分词 表示一类人、事物或抽象概念。● The new is to take the place of the old.the+乐器、娱乐活动等类的名词 在表示被演奏的西洋乐器、文艺活动或运动场所的名词前用定冠词。● I play the guitar in the school band.动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位 表示身体部位的名词前要用定冠词the。● The father led his daughter by the hand and walked into the supermarket.such/what/half + a/an(+形容词) +单数可数名词● He has never written such an interesting book as that.that/as/so/too/how/enough+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词● Lily is too young a child to be left by herself at home.
quite/rather + a/an(+形容词)+名词● I had quite/rather an easy test yesterday.all/both/double/half/twice等+the+名词● All the students in the class went out.you + he/she +I 用于多个单数人称并列的场合。● You and I have done our best.we + you + they 用于多个复数人称并列的场合。● We, you and they are all Chinese.我们、你们和他们都是中国人。● He and she don’t agree with me.It + be/get+形容词/名词/介词短语 it用作非人称代词时，常表示天气、日期、时间、距离、温度等。● It gets colder and colder.It + be +被强调部分+that...构成强调句，强调句子的主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，that可以换成who，其他情况一律用that。● It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.直到我来到了这里我才意识到这个地方不仅以美景闻名，而且它的天气也很有名。It+be+形容词(+for sb.)+to do sth.● It is very important for us to master the skills of computers.It+be+no use/no good+doing sth.意为“做…是没用的”，动名词是真正的主语，it是形式主语。● It is no good turning to him. He is always indifferent towards others’ matters.● It is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
It+be+名词+不定式/that从句 it作形式主语，后面的不定式或that从句是句子的真正主语。● It is an honour for me to be invited to speak here.我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。● It is obvious that he doesn’t know how to repair a car.It+某些动词+that从句 常用于该公式的动词有appear，seem，happen等。● It appears that all the files have been deleted.● Now it is time for me to study hard.It+is/has been+时间段+since...主语连系● It is three months since they completed the great project.It+was/will be+时间段+before...意为“过多长时间才…；还要多长时间才…”。● It was several minutes before we realized what was happening.● I thought it appropriate to invite her to speak at the meeting.名词+of+形容词性物主代词+own意为“完全属于自己的……，自己的……”。● There is only one success in the world—to be able to spend your life in your own way.世界上只有一种成功,那就是能够用自己的方式度过一生。one..., the other...意为“(两者中的)一个……，另一个……”● He has two sons. One is a doctor and the other is a soldier.some..., others...意为“（不确定范围中的）一些……，另一些……”。● Some boys are playing football, and others are playing basketball.
some...， the others...意为“（确定范围中的）一些……，其余的……”。● Of these students, some are from Peking University, and the others are from Tsinghua University.这些学生中，一些来自北京大学，其余的来自清华大学。one...another...(the other...)意为“(三者以上中的)一个……，(一个……)，另一个……”。● The old man’s three daughters are all abroad. One is in the US, another is in England and the other seems to be in France.这位老人的三个女儿都在国外。一个在美国，一个在英国，另外一个好像在法国。● I have got a few friends who live nearby.such+be...be的单复数形式由其后的名词或代词决定。● Such were her wishes.这就是她的愿望。none(+of+复数可数名词或不可数名词） no one ，none指代指人或物的可数名词或不可数名词，后面可以跟of结构；no one只能指代指人的可数名词，后面不能跟of结构。● None of the people present agreed to the plan.在场的没有一个同意这项计划。hundred/thousand/million +复数可数名词意为“……打/百/千/百万……”。● There were about six hundred students in the school building during the earthquake.dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions +of +复数可数名词意为“数十/百/千/百万……”。● She went to the bookstore and bought dozens of books.分钟数+past/after+小时分钟数是超过整时数30分钟内的部分，意为“……点过……分”。● five (minutes) past/after nine9:05分钟数+to+小时分钟数是超过半点距整时数的差，意为“差……分……点”。● five (minutes) to ten9:55at (the age of)+基数词意为“在……岁时”。● At (the age of) forty, he became the general manager of the company.
a/an+名词+aged+基数词，名词+of+基数词+years old意为“一个……岁的……”。● He is an old man aged eighty.in one’s+整十数的复数形式意为“在某人几十多岁时”。● My mother became a professor in her thirties.in+the+年数+s/’s意为“在……世纪……年代”。● This kind of hairstyle was very popular in the 1990s/1990’s.倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as...意为“……是……的……倍”。● The new stadium being built for the next Asia Games will be three times as big as the present one.正在为下一届亚运会修建的新体育场将是现在这个的三倍大。倍数+the+名词+of...意为“……是……的……倍”。● This street is twice/double the width of that one.倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...意为“……是……的……倍”。● This room is twice larger than yours.形容词/副词比较级＋than...＋by＋倍数意为“……是……的……倍”。● This line is longer than that one by twice.the+序数词+单数可数名词，,a/an+序数词+单数可数名词序数词前用the意为“第……”，用a/an意为“另一个，再一个”。● In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.on+表示具体时间的名词 表示在特定的日子、具体日期、星期几、节日或具体某一天的某个时间段上。● on Sunday morning在星期天的早上● on a rainy night of August 18 在8月18日的一个雨夜for+表示时间段的名词 表示一个时间段，可用于完成时、过去时、将来时的句子中。● I have subscribed to that magazine for three years.
after+表示时间段的名词用于过去时，表示多长时间之后。● The old man left home in 1924 and came back after thirty years.on/in/above/over+名词意为“在……上面”。● There is a picture on the wall.墙上有幅画。● The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层之上飞行。through/across/past/over+名词意为“穿过/经过/跨过某地”。● I drive past a big supermarket to the office every day.between/among+名词意为“在……之间”。● Some students often listen to music between classes to refresh themselves．except/besides/except for+名词意为“除了……之外”。● The office is open every day except Sundays.with/by/in+表示方式、工具的名词意为“用……来做”。● I cut the cake with the knife.我用刀子把蛋糕切开。be busy (in) doing sth.意为“忙于做某事”。● We’re busy (in) doing homework after school every day.have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”。● I have some trouble (in) working out this problem.stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.意为“阻止……做某事”。● We must stop him (from) going to swim in the river.be (of)+种类、数量、度量、种族、国籍类名词● Machines are (of) different types and sizes.
（for+）时间段/距离 for多用于某些表示时间段的短语前或last, stay, wait, live及表示“位移”意义的动词后。● The meeting lasted (for) three hours.会议持续了3个小时。祈使句+or/and+陈述句意为“……，否则/那么就……”，祈使句表示条件，陈述句表示结果。● Seize the chance, or you’ll regret it.● The spring of Beijing is very dry while that of Kunming is damp.● Do you go to school by bus or on foot?句子（,）+but+句子 意为“……，但是……”。● I thought wed be late for the concert, but we ended up getting there ahead of time.not...but...意为“不是……，而是……”。● Not money but teachers are what we need.both...and...意为“既……又……；……和……”。● He can both write songs and compose music.either...or...意为“不是……就是……,要么……要么……”。● You can talk with Mr Black either in English or in Chinese.你not only...but (also)...意为“不但……而且……”。● He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.neither...nor...意为“……和……（两者）都不”。● She likes neither butter nor cheese.
● The leaves of the trees are falling, for it’s already autumn.复合不定代词+形容词 ，形容词修饰复合不定代词时要后置。● something interesting有趣的事情● Australia is a country famous for its beautiful scenery.名词+形容词+and/or+形容词两个意义相近或相反的形容词用and， or等连词连接作定语时，常需要后置。● People in the village, young and old, went to see the film yesterday evening.名词+基数词+时间、度量类名词+形容词“基数词+时间、度量类名词+形容词”作定语修饰名词时要后置。● Yesterday, a Mr Brown, thirty years old, came to visit you.（限定词+）观点形容词+大小、形状词+新旧、长幼词+颜色形容词+产地、来源词+材料、种类词+用途词（+名词）● a tall gray building 一幢灰色的高楼● that square new red box那个新的红色方形盒子...as+形容词原级＋as...意为“……和……一样……”。● This table is as clean as that one.这张桌子和那张一样干净。...not as/so+形容词原级+as...意为“……不像……一样……”。● She is not as/so happy as she pretends.她并不像她假装得那么高兴。...as+形容词原级+不可数名词，复数可数名词+as...意为“……和……一样……”。● I have as many books as Tom.我和汤姆的书一样多。...as+形容词原级+a/an+可数名词单数+as...意为“……和……一样……”。● Most doctors think that medicine is as much an art as it is a science.
● The house in which I used to live has becomea garden.我过去住的房子已经变成了一个花园。先行词，+which/who/whom/whose/when/where+定语从句非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句分开，that不能引导非限制性定语从句,who一般不能替代whom。● Between the two parts of the concert is aninterval, when the audience can buy ice-cream.音乐会的两部分中间有间歇，这时候，观众可以去买冰激凌。● He made a long speech, as we expected.正如我们所预料的一样，他的演讲很长。时间状语从句: 主句+when/while/as引导的时间状语从句● Mary made coffee while her guests werefinishing their meal.客人们快吃完饭的时候，玛丽煮了咖啡。时间状语从句: 主句+as soonas/directly/immediately等引导的时间状语从句 ● I recognized her immediately I saw her.我一见到她，就认出了她。时间状语从句: 主句+before/after引导的时间状语从句● I went to bed after I finished my homework.做完作业后，我就上床睡觉了。时间状语从句: 主句+since引导的时间状语从句● Mary has been in Shanghai since she left Beijing.玛丽自从离开北京后就一直在上海。时间状语从句: 主句+till/until引导的时间状语从句● I will stay here until you come back.我会一直待在这里直到你回来。原因状语从句：主句+because/as/since引导的原因状语从句● As all the seats were full, he had to standup.由于所有的位子都满了，他只好站着。地点状语从句：主句+where/wherever引导的地点状语从句● You cango wherever you like these days.这些天你可以去你想去的地方。● To show our respect, we usually have to takeour gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.为了表示我们的尊重，不论要跟谁握手，我们通常都要摘掉手套。引导让步状语从句时，疑问词-ever可与“no matter+疑问词”互换。● Wherever/No matter where you go, I will bewith you.无论你去哪儿，我都和你一起。让步状语从句：主句+(al)though/as/while/eventhough/even if引导的让步状语从句● Tim is in good shape physically even thoughhe doesn’t get much exercise.即使不做太多锻炼，蒂姆还是保持了很好的体形。条件状语从句：主句+if/unless/aslong as引导的条件状语从句● Let’s go out for awalk unless you are too tired.如果你不是太累的话，我们出去散一会步吧。条件状语从句：主句+so/such...+that+结果状语从句● He worked so hard that he got ill.他工作那么努力，结果病倒了。目的状语从句：主句+so that/inorder that/in case引导的目的状语从句● I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up withme.为了能让你赶上我，我会慢慢跑。● The weather was worse than I had expected.天气比我预料的还要糟。● French is as familiar to him as English.他对法语就像对英语一样熟悉。● You ought to do as Paul tells you.你应该按照保罗吩咐你的去做。当as if引导的方式状语从句表示与事实相反的情况时，从句常用虚拟语气。● She closed her eyes as though she was verytired.她闭上了眼睛，好像是很累了。If...did/were...， 主语+would/should/could/mightdo...表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。● If you were the manager, we would not be sotired.如果你是经理，我们就不会这么累了。If...had done...，主语+would/should/could/mighthave done...表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。● If we had taken the other road, we might havearrived here in time for the meeting.如果我们走了另一条路的话，或许就能及时赶到这里开会了。（陕西）If...did/were todo/should do...，主语+would/should/could/might do...表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句谓语动词用过去式、“should+动词原形”或“wereto+动词原形”，主句谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。● If it were fine tomorrow, I would goshopping.如果明天天气好，我就去购物。If...had done...， 主语+would do...● If he had set out earlier, he would be homenow.如果他早点出发的话，他现在就已经到家了。If...should do...， 主语+would have done...● If she shouldleave, I would have heard about it.如果她要走，我早就应该听说了。Should/Were/Had+(从句)主语+谓语主句if引导的虚拟条件句的谓语动词中含有should, were, had时，可将if省略，而将should, were, had提前，构成倒装。、● Were I you(=If I were you), I would go.如果我是你，我就去。With/Without/Butfor+名词，主语+虚拟语气形式的谓语...句子的虚拟条件是通过词或短语如with， without， otherwise, but for等来表示的。● Without the greenhouse effect, the earthwould be about thirtythree degrees Celsius cooler than it is.如果没有温室效应，地球的温度将比现在的温度低大约33摄氏度。主句+as if+（从句）主语+did/had done...as if引导的从句常用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反的情况；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的情况。● She acted as if she had been the hostessyesterday.她昨天表现得就好像她是女主人似的。主句+so that+（从句）主语+should/could/might do...so that意为“为了”，它引导的从句表示目的。● He took a taxi to the station so that heshould not miss the train.为了不错过火车，他乘出租车去火车站。主句+lest+从句（主语+(should) do...）● They spoke in whispers lest they (should) be heard.他们低声说话，唯恐被别人听见。...wish (that)+主语+did/had done/would do...wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反；用过去将来时表示与将来事实相反。● I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.我希望北京全年都是秋天。...suggest/recommend/insist等+(that)+主语+(should)do...● I suggest that we (should) set off at once.我建议我们立刻出发。...would rather+主语+did/had done...would rather后的从句用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。● I would rather you hadn’t told him.我宁愿你没有告诉他。It is+形容词/名词/过去分词+that+主语+(should)do...● It is strange that the girl (should) be sorude.那个女孩那么无礼，这真奇怪。...suggestion/advice/demand等+that+主语(+should)do...在表示“建议”、“命令”、“要求”等的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气。● My suggestion is that we (should) get startedsoon.我的建议是我们应该尽快出发。It is (high/about)time that+主语+did/should do...● It is high time that you went to school.早就到了你该去上学的时间了。if only+主语+did/had done...用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。● If only I had another chance.要是我再有一次机会就好了。● Still water runs deep.静水流深。● Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼保健操对你的眼睛有好处。表示时间、距离、重量等的复数名词常作为一个整体看待，作主语时谓语动词需用单数。● A thousand miles is a very long distance.1,000英里是一段很长的距离。more than one/many a(n)+单数名词+单数谓语a(n)+单数名词+and a half+单数谓语意为“不止一个……/许多……”；“一个半……”。● More than one person here is going to find a new job.这里不止一个人准备找新工作。● As you can see, the number of cars on ourroads keeps rising these days.正如你看到的那样，如今公路上汽车的数量一直在增长。（全国Ⅱ）● A number of willbe graduatesare voluntarily going to work in the West of China.许多即将毕业的大学生打算自愿到中国西部工作。each/every...(and each/every...)+单数谓语● Every person in my family has been given agift.我们家每个人都得到了一份礼物。some-, any-, every-,no-构成的复合不定代词+单数谓语● If anyone knows the truth of the accident,please tell the police.如果有人知道事故的真相，请告诉警察。两个并列的名词 表示一个人或一种事物，此时第一个名词前用冠词，第二个名词前不用冠词。● A knife and fork is on the table.餐桌上有一副刀叉。news/physics/maths/politics/theUnited States/James等+单数谓语这些名词虽然以-s结尾，但属于专有名词或不可数名词。● The news concerns your younger brother.这消息与你弟弟有关。● One of my goodfriends has been abroad for eleven years.我的一个好朋友已经在国外待了11年了。● All the students in our class arehardworking.我们班所有的学生学习都很用功。glasses/trousers/pants/shoes等+复数谓语● My blue trousers have worn out.我的蓝裤子已经穿破了。如果这类名词前用pair of等单位名词修饰，谓语动词的数要与单位名词的数保持一致。people/police/cattle等+复数谓语people, police,cattle是只表示复数意义的集体名词，作主语时,谓语动词用复数。● Many people were present at the meeting.许多人出席了会议。... and.../both...and...+复数谓语意为“……和……都”，表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数。● New York and Boston are American cities.纽约和波士顿都是美国的城市。主语+with/togetherwith/except/but/like/as well as...+谓语● The mother along with her two children goes to the park everyweekend.那位母亲和她的两个孩子每个周末都要去公园。class/family/group/team等+单数谓语/复数谓语● The class is the best one in the grade.这个班是年级中最好的。● The whole class are listening to the teachercarefully.全班同学都在认真地听老师讲课。当表示多个这样的整体时，也可以有自己的复数形式。侧重整体中的个体成员时，谓语动词用复数。some/any/all/therest/分数/百分数等+of+单数名词/不可数名词+单数谓语● Some of the money was spent on clothes.一些钱花在了衣服上。some/any/all/therest/分数/百分数等+of+复数名词+复数谓语● All of the people have gone.所有的人都走了。● Zhang Ning is one of the students who werepraised at the meeting.张宁是会议上受表扬的学生之一。only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语● He is the only one of players in our schoolwho has taken the first prize.他是我们学校唯一一位获得一等奖的选手。...or.../either...or.../neither...nor.../notonly...but (also)...+谓语动词谓语动词的单复数形式取决于与之最靠近的名词或代词。● No food or water is allowed to be taken with.不准带食物和水。be动词的单复数形式取决于与之最靠近的名词或代词。● There are four chairs and two tables in theroom.房间里有四把椅子和两张桌子。There be肯定句式：There (+助动词/情态动词)+be+主语...be动词前可用情态动词，也可用助动词构成各种时态。● There is a lot of meat on the plate.盘子里有很多肉。● There will be more serious air pollution ifpeople use more and more cars.如果人们越来越多地使用汽车，那么空气污染将会更加严重。● There isn’t a telephone in the room.房间里没有电话。● There will not be any football match thisweekend.这个周末没有任何足球比赛。There be的一般疑问句式：Be动词+there● —Are there anymagazines on the shelf?书架上有杂志吗？There be的一般疑问句式：助动词/情态动词+there+be(+any)+主语...?● Has there been an accident?出过事故吗？There be的特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词(+名词)+be动词+there...?● How many people are there in your family?你家有几口人？There be的特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词(+名词)+助动词/情态动词+there+be...?● What did there use to be?那里过去有什么？There+stand/lie/live等+主语...There be句式中的be动词可用动词stand,lie, live等替换。● There stands a temple on the top of themountain.山顶上有一座庙。There seems(seemed)/appears(appeared)to be+主语...● There seems to be a lack of communication.看起来是缺乏沟通。强调句：Itis/was...that/who...被强调部分是指人的名词时，用who或that皆可，其他情况皆用that。● It was Jack and Mary that/who met with afunnylooking man yesterday.昨天是杰克和玛丽遇见了一个样子滑稽可笑的男人。
强调句的一般疑问句式：Is/Was it...that/who...?● Is it your brother who works in that company?是你哥哥在那家公司工作吗？强调句的特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+is/wasit that...?● Why was it that he cried yesterday?他昨天究竟为什么哭？倒装: No/Never/Hardly/Seldom/Little等+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...● We laugh at jokes, but seldom do we thinkabout how they work.我们听到笑话会笑，但是从来没想过笑话是怎样让我们发笑的。倒装：So...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...+that...在so... that...句式中，so...部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。● So fast does light travel that we can hardlyimagine its speed.光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。倒装：Only+状语+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...only强调状语置于句首时，句子/主句用部分倒装。● Only if you eat the correct foods will you beable to keep fit and stay healthy.只有合理膳食才会保持身体健康。倒装：Not until...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...时间状语not until...置于句首时，句子/主句用部分倒装。● Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the familywas for him.直到离开家他才开始明白家庭对于他是多么重要。倒装：Not only...+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语...but also...not only...置于句首时，其所在的分句用部分倒装。● Not only does he do well in his lessons, buthe often helps others with their lessons.他不但自己学习好，还经常帮助别人学习。倒装：Hardly had+主语...+when...No sooner had+主语...+than....hardly,no sooner 置于句首时，hardly, no sooner所在的句子用部分倒装。● Hardly had he uttered the words when shebegan laughing. 他刚一开口说话，她就笑了。 倒装：So/Neither/Nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语表示前面所说的情况也适合另外一者或一者也具备另外一种情况，意为“也(不)”。前面是否定句时用neither/nor，前面是肯定句时用so；动词的形式与前面的句子一致。● Jane comes from Canada. So does Mary.简来自加拿大，玛丽也是。倒装：up/down/away/infront of...+谓语动词+主语● Up wentthe rocket.火箭升上了天。● Seated in the front were the guests.坐在前排的是客人。倒装：Here/There/Now+谓语动词+主语● Here comes the bus!公共汽车来了！省略：I’dlike/love/be glad/be happy to● —Would you like tojoin me for a quick lunch before class?你愿意课前与我一起吃顿简单的午饭吗？—I’d like to, but Ipromised Nancy to go out with her.我愿意，可是我已经答应跟南希一起出去了。if/when/while/unless/as+分词● The flowers his friend gave him will dieunless watered every day.除非天天浇水，否则朋友送他的花就会死掉。as...aspossible/sb.can 表示“尽可能……”。● Please come as soon as possible you can.请尽量早来。if necessary/possible/any/ever表示“如果有必要/可能/有/曾……”。● —Have you got anyparticular plans for the coming holiday?对即将来临的假期你有特别的计划了吗？—Yes, if possible, I’mgoing to visit some homes for the old in the city.是的，如果可能的话，我将去这个城市的几处老年之家看看。Why (not) do...？why (not)后一般跟动词原形，很少出现主语或动作的执行者，含有较强的建议意味。● Why not go and ask the teacher for help?为什么不去找老师帮忙?● Why not relax and enjoy the fresh air?为什么不休息一下，呼吸点新鲜空气呢?● John spoke German as fluently as Mary didwhen they studied in middle school.中学时，约翰的德语说得跟玛丽一样流利。该结构表示同一人所做的、前面刚提到过的同一动作，so指代刚提到过的想法、行动、品质、情况等。● The teacher asked him to hand in hiscomposition at once and he did so.老师让他立刻交上作文，他就这么做了。主语+do/does/did+that/it 替代前面刚刚提到的动作，但动词do的主语与前面所提到的句子的主语不同。● —Do you know whobroke the window?你知道是谁打破的窗户吗？—I heard John did that.我听说是约翰做的。直接引语为陈述句时，间接引语应为that引导的宾语从句，引述动词主要有say，tell， repeat， explain， think等。● He said to me, “I have left my bookin your room.”→He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书落在我的房间里了。直接引语为一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语应为if/whether引导的宾语从句，且倒装语序变为陈述语序。● “Do you like Beckham?” she said tome.→She asked me if/whether I liked Beckham.她问我是否喜欢贝克汉姆。直接引语为选择疑问句时，间接引语应为whether... or...引导的宾语从句，倒装语序变为陈述语序。● I asked him, “Will you stay athome or go to school?”→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to school.我问他是待在家里还是去上学。直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语应为由原疑问词引导的宾语从句,倒装语序变为陈述语序。● He asked, “Where do you live?”→He asked mewhere I lived.他问我住在哪里。...ask/tell/beg等+宾语+to do直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语应为不定式短语，如果祈使句为否定式，还要在不定式前加not。● The teacher said to the students, “Be quiet,please.”→The teacher asked the students to be quiet.老师要求学生们保持安静。直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语应为how, what, that等引导的宾语从句。● She said, “What a lovely day itis!”→She said what a lovely day it was./She said that it was a lovelyday.她说天气很好。“一随主”原则 该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时，直接引语中的第一人称代词要按引述动词的主语的人称变化。● She said, “I saw him lastnight.”→She said she had seen him the night before.她说她前一天晚上看见过他。“二随宾”原则 该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时，直接引语中的第二人称代词要按引述动词的宾语的人称变化。● He said to Kate, “How is yoursister now?”→He asked Kate how her sister was then.他问凯特她妹妹那时怎么样了。“第三人称不更新”原则 该原则是指直接引语变间接引语时，直接引语中的第三人称代词一般不需要变化。● Mr Smith said, “Jack is a goodworkmate.”→Mr Smith said that Jack was a good workmate.史密斯先生说杰克是个不错的同事。主语+did+that+主语+did/had done...引述动词用了过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态要相应地变为过去的某种时态。● “I never get up before 8 a.m. on Sundays,” he said.→He said that he never got up before 8 a.m. onSundays.他说他星期天上午从未在8点之前起床。
主语+have/has+not+been+现在分词... 否定句● He has not been watching TV all the day.他并不是一整天都在看电视。Have/Has+主语+been+现在分词...？ 一般疑问句● Have you been waiting long for me?你等我很久了吗？特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+been+现在分词...？ 特殊疑问句 （特殊疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，不用倒装语序）● Who has been eating my apples?谁一直在吃我的苹果？主语+be+过去分词(+by...)... 肯定句● The students were asked to stay in theclassroom because of the storm.因为暴风雨，学生们被要求待在教室里。主语+be+not+过去分词(+by...)... 否定句● He was not told when the meeting was held.没有人告诉他会议什么时间召开。Be+主语+过去分词(+by...)...? 一般疑问句● —Is this kite made byLi Ming?这个风筝是李明做的吗？特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词(+by...)...? 特殊疑问句 (特殊疑问词作主语或修饰主语时不用倒装语序)● What was stolen last night?昨晚什么东西被偷了？一般现在时: 主语+am/is/are+过去分词（+by...）...● Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都举行班会。一般过去时: 主语+was/were+过去分词(+by...)...● I was offered abetter position at IBM.因为IBM公司给我提供了一个更好的职位。一般将来时: 主语+shall/will+be+过去分词(+by...)...● The speech will be given at the lecture hallthis evening.今晚的讲座将在演讲厅举行。
过去将来时: 主语+should/would+be+过去分词(+by...)...● They were told that they would be sent to thearmy when they finished training.他们被告知训练结束时他们将被派往部队。现在进行时: 主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词(+by...)...● The bridge to it is being repaired.通往那的桥正在维修当中。过去进行时: 主语+was/were+being+过去分词(+by...)...● He was being operated on at that time.那时他正在接受手术。现在完成时: 主语+has/have+been+过去分词(+by...)...● No permission has been given to anybody toenter the building.不允许任何人进入这栋大楼。过去完成时: 主语+had+been+过去分词(+by...)...● Before he told us,the timetable had been changed.在他告诉我们之前，时间表已经改了。主语+情态动词+be+过去分词(+by...)... 肯定句● I think aliens might be found in space.我认为太空中或许能找到外星人。主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词(+by...)... 否定句● Such mistakes can’t be made again.这种错误不能再犯了。情态动词+主语+be+过去分词(+by...)...? 一般疑问句● Must these young trees be watered every day?必须每天给这些小树浇水吗？特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+be+过去分词（+by...)...? 特殊疑问句 (特殊疑问词作主语或修饰主语时不用倒装语序)● Where can the book be bought?这本书在什么地方能买到？主语(原宾语)+be+过去分词+by+宾语(原主语的宾格)● They arecleaning the house.→The house is being cleaned (by them).他们正在打扫房子。
a.主语(原间接宾语)+be+过去分词+宾语(原直接宾语)(+by...)● My aunt gave me an apple.→I was givenan apple (by my aunt).b.主语(原直接宾语)+be+过去分词+to/for+宾语(原间接宾语)(+by...)● An apple was given to me (by my aunt).姑姑给了我一个苹果。主语(原宾语)+be+过去分词+补足语(原宾语补足语)(+by...)● He made the baby laugh.→The baby wasmade to laugh(by him).那个婴儿被(他)逗笑了。● We have sent for a doctor.→A doctor hasbeen sent for (by us).(我们)已经派人去请医生了。● These oranges taste nice.这些橘子尝起来不错。need/want/requiredoing... 作“需要”讲的need， want， require等后的动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。● The flowers want watering.这些花需要浇水。● What life will be like in the future isdifficult to predict.未来生活是什么样子，这很难预测。get+过去分词... 此结构是一种被动形式，get与be一样起助动词作用，一般用来谈论突然发生的动作。● Be careful not to get burnt by the sun.小心不要被太阳晒伤。To do...+be+形容词/名词... 不定式作主语常指具体的、将要发生的动作。● To help the poor is his duty. 帮助穷人是他的责任。不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，而把不定式置于句末。(=It is his duty to help the poor.)Sb./Sth.+be+to do... 不定式作表语可以表示主语的具体内容、目的等，一般是将要发生的动作。● My goal is to be a great writer.我的目标是成为一名优秀的作家。● They determined to start early.他们决定早点出发。
主语+及物动词+what/when/how...+todo... ● He can tell you where to get the book.他可以告诉你从哪里得到这本书。主语+及物动词+宾语+to do... 带to的不定式作宾语补足语● We advised him to buy the cheaper computer.我们劝他买那一台比较便宜的电脑。● The last one to arrive pays the meal.最后到的人买单。so as (not) +todo... 不定式作目的状语● In order not to be late, she cut across thefields.为了不迟到，她抄近路穿过了田野。形容词/副词+enough+todo... 不定式作结果状语● The box is too heavy to carry.这个箱子太重了搬不动。● The book is cheap enough to buy.这本书很便宜可以买。● They heard him sing a song in the meetingroom.他们听见他在会议室唱了一首歌。Doing+be+名词/形容词... 动名词作主语表示一般性、抽象性的行为● Getting up early is a good habit.早起是个好习惯。动名词作主语有时可用it作形式主语。这种用法常见于Itis/was no use/good doing sth.或It is/was useful/useless doing sth.句式中。● It is no use talking to the man like him.和他那样的人交谈没用。主语+be+doing... 动名词作表语，说明主语的内容● Seeing is believing.(=To see is to believe.)眼见为实。● I insist on leaving him alone at home.我坚持把他一个人留在家里。● To protect the environment, most supermarketsin China stopped providing free plastic bags.为了保护环境，中国的大部分超市不再免费提供塑料袋。● Let’s stop to begin our class.我们停下来开始上课吧。forget/remember doing... 忘记/记得做过● He forgot telling her about the final exam.他不记得已告诉过她关于期末考试的事了。
forget/remember todo...忘记/记得要做● Don’t forget to send me a message when youget home.到家后，不要忘记给我发信息。● My new job willmean travelling all over the world.我的新工作需要在世界各地到处跑。● I didn’t mean toupset you.我并不是要让你不高兴。How often I haveregretted not taking his advice!我经常后悔没听从他的建议！● I regret to inform you that your contract will not be renewed.我很遗憾地通知你，你的合同不予续签。● Susan wanted to be independent of herparents. She tried living alone, but shedidn’t like it and moved back home.苏珊不想再依赖父母，她尝试着一个人生活，但并不喜欢这样，于是又搬回家了。● He tried to stand up, but failed.他试图站起来，但没有成功。● I mean to go, butmy father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。● Doing that meanswasting time.那样做意味着浪费时间。 go on to do表示“继续做……（非同一件事）”● He went on to speak of his war experiences.他转而谈到了他的战争经历。
go on doing表示“继续做……（同一件事）”。● Go on doing theother exercise after you have finished this one.做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习。祈使句：Be/动词原形+其他主语 一般是第二人称you,但往往省略。● Be here on timenext time, or you’ll be punished.下次按时到，否则你将会受到惩罚。● Let me tell you the answer.让我告诉你答案。Don’t/Never+动词原形+其他 祈使句的否定式● Don’t let the water run into the room.不要让水流进屋里。一般疑问句：Be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他?● Are you Lily’s new classmates?你们是莉莉的新同学吗？一般疑问句常用yes/no来回答，但在具体语境中也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或短语，如certainly, surely, of course, I think so, all right, not at all,never, sorry, not yet, I’m afraid not等来回答。特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他？ 特殊疑问词作主语或修饰主语时不用倒装语序。● How long has Bob been collecting stamps?鲍勃收集邮票多长时间了？选择疑问句：一般疑问句/特殊疑问句，供选择项+or+供选择项?● Did you put the book in the box or on theshelf?你把书放在箱子里了还是放在书架上了？● I told them not everybody could run as fastas you did, didn’t I?我告诉他们不是每个人都像你跑得那么快的，不是吗？(重庆)● —She can’t swim, canshe?她不会游泳，对吗？—Yes, she can.不，她会。/No, shecan’t.是的，她不会。反意疑问句：No one/Nobody...+谓语...，谓语+they/he?陈述部分主语为指人的不定代词，强调整体时，附加问句的主语用they；强调个体时，附加问句的主语用he。● No onewas there that day, was he/were they?那天没有人在那里，是吗？
反意疑问句：Everything/Anything...+谓语...，谓语+it?陈述部分主语是指物的不定代词时，附加问句的主语用it。● Everything that he said is true, isn’t it?他说的都是真的，是吗？反意疑问句：This/That+谓语...，谓语+it?陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词。● That’s a wonder, isn’t it?那是一个奇迹，不是吗？反意疑问句：These/Those+谓语...，谓语+they?陈述部分的主语是指示代词时，附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词。 ● Those are yours, aren’t they? 那些是你的，是不是？反意疑问句：There be...，谓语+there? 陈述部分为There be句式时，其反意疑问句的附加问句仍用“...there”。● There is a wonderful power in steam, isn’tthere?水蒸气有一种惊人的力量,是吗？反意疑问句：祈使句， will you/won’t you? 肯定祈使句的反意疑问句，附加问句用will you, won’t you均可；● Come and play football with us, will you/won’tyou?过来和我们一起踢足球，好吗？● Don’t play PingPong in theclassroom, will you?不要在教室里打乒乓球，好吗？反意疑问句：Let’s..., shall we?Let us/Let me...,will you？● Let’s have lunch together, shall we?我们一起吃午饭吧，好吗？● Let us solve the problem in private, willyou?我们私下里解决这个问题吧，好吗？反意疑问句：(陈述部分)主从复合句，附加问句(主语、谓语与主句一致)?● It’s the first time that he has been toAustralia, isn’t it?这是他第一次去澳大利亚，是吗？I don’tthink/suppose/expect/imagine/believe等+宾语从句，肯定的附加问句(主语、谓语与从句一致)？● I don’t think he will come, will he？我认为他不会来，对吗？what引导的感叹句：What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)！● What a foolish mistake I have made!我犯了一个多么愚蠢的错误啊!how引导的感叹句：How＋形容词／副词(+主语+谓语)!● Look at the picture. How beautiful Sanya is!I’ll go there this summer holiday.看这幅照片，三亚真漂亮啊！今年暑假我要去那里。
● How time flies!时间过得真快啊！● I put the newspapers on the table.我把报纸放在了桌上。● These flowers are very beautiful.这些花非常漂亮。S+vt.+Oi+Od：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语● My parents bought me a nice Christmaspresent.我父母给我买了一件精美的圣诞礼物。S+vt.+O+C：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语● They painted the door red.他们把门漆成了红色。并列句：简单句+and等+简单句 表示并列关系，常用连词and, notonly...but also...等。● Falling in love is one thing and gettingmarried is another.恋爱是一回事，结婚是另一回事。并列举：简单句+or等+简单句 表示选择关系，常用连词or, either...or...等。● Shall we go out to the cinema or stay athome?我们是出去看电影还是待在家里？并列举：简单句+but等+简单句 表示转折关系，常用连词but, yet, while等。● He has a lot of money but he does not have many friends.他有很多钱但是没有多少朋友。并列举：简单句+for/so等+简单句 表示因果关系。● Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi.我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐的出租车。● Whethershe will join us does not matter too much.她是否会加入到我们中来并不太重要。
主语从句：It(形式主语)+谓语...+引导词+主语从句● It is a pity that you missed such a good lecture.你错过了一场这么好的讲座真是可惜。引导词可以是连词that, whether等，也可以是连接代词what,who, which或连接副词when, where, how等。that引导的宾语从句：主句+that引导的宾语从句● I thought that 13 May would be the date ofthe election.我以为5月13日是选举的日子。that引导的宾语从句：主语+系动词+afraid/sorry/sure/glad/angry等+that引导的宾语从句● I am afraid that you can’t take photos here.恐怕你不能在这里拍照。主句+what/who/whom/whose/which等引导的宾语从句 what, who, whom,whose, which等连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。● We should respect food and think about thepeople who don’t have what we have here and treat food nicely.我们应该珍惜粮食，想想那些不能像我们一样有吃有喝的人。（福建）主句+when/where/how/why等引导的宾语从句when, where, how,why等在从句中作状语,表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。● Cindy shut the door heavily and burst intotears. No one in the office knew why she was so angry.辛迪重重地关上了门，并且大哭了起来。办公室里没有一● Did he tell you whether/if he would come thenext day? 他告诉你他第二天是否来了吗？● I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.我在想我们是否该去钓鱼。● I don’t know whether or not they will come tohelp us.我不知道他们是否会来帮助我们。● We discussed whether we would have a sportsmeeting the next week.我们讨论了下周是否举行运动会。● Whetherthis is true or not， I am not sure.这是不是真的，我不确定。
● He asked me whether I would move to New Yorkif I got the job.他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬到纽约去。● That’s why I want you to work here.那就是我让你在这儿工作的原因。● The question who should do the work requiresconsideration.谁该做这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。who是主格，whom是宾格。通常whom可以用who代替，但直接跟在介词后作宾语时不可用who代替。who/whom作宾语时可以省略。● The professor (who/whom) I ever told youabout is coming soon.我曾经跟你谈起过的那位教授快要来了。先行词可以指人也可以指物，whose在定语从句中作定语，修饰一个名词,相当于“the+名词+of which/whom”。● The old temple whose roof was damaged instorm is now under repair.那座屋顶在暴风雨中遭到破坏的古庙正在维修中。先行词是指事物的名词，which在从句中作主语或宾语。● China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。● I refuse to accept the blame forsomething that was someone else’s fault.我拒绝接受由于别人的过错而导致的对我的责备。when在从句中作时间状语，被修饰的先行词通常为表示时间的名词。● Occasions are quite rare when I have the timeto spend a day with my kids.我和孩子们能在一起待一天的机会很少。where在从句中作地点状语，被修饰的先行词通常为表示地点的名词。● Stephen Hawking believes that the earth isunlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.斯蒂芬·霍金认为地球不可能是唯一一个逐渐有生命衍生的行星。why在从句中作原因状语，被修饰的先行词通常为reason。● Tell methe reason why she was late.请告诉我她迟到的原因。
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